Relationship between Systems Theory and Healthcare Delivery in the U.S.

Discussion of the relationship between systems theory and healthcare delivery in the U.S.System theory is a science that studies systems. System theory studies the way systems communicate, how they are successful or why they fail. Given this information it is obvious how systems theory can be applied to health care. Health care delivery is a system. The health care delivery system is composed of many different parts. Doctors, nurses, social workers, patients, family, pharmacists, government programs to name just a few. The health care system is responsible for life and limb so must work cohesively. Studying the healthcare system and applying the systems theory helps healthcare delivery increase optimal patient outcomes in the U.S.(Petula, 2005)Discussion of the relationship between diffusion of innovation theory and the change process within healthcare delivery in the U.S.Diffusion of innovation theory explains how new information including new technology spreads through a culture. D iffusion of innovation theory explains how the imformation is introduced, communicated and applied. Diffusion of innovation theory also explains how long it takes for the information to be communicated, spread, as well as by whom and why. The study of this theory helps many industries create change within their systems.This theory can be applied to almost any situation where new imformation and innovation needs to be introduced successfully. Diffusion of innovation theory is very important on how evidence based practice is introduced to the the U.S. healthcare field. By understanding how evidence based information and innovation is accepted and implemented we can increase the likelyhood that it will be accepted and used. Quick adoption of evidenced based care can optimize patient outcomes and satisfaction. Change within the U.S. health system can be difficult. Analyzing the change process through the diffusion of innovation theory can help the change in healthcare be more successful ly done.Discussion of the relationship between systems theory and current nursing practiceCurrent nursing practice is a result of the application of systems theory to nursing. Current healthcare's, as a result of systems theory,   focus is treating the processes of healthcare i.e. thecommunication of the various heathcare parts as important as the parts themselves. It   is not enought to hire the best care givers but to make sure the care givers have the best tools to use to work together in the most optimal   manner. Interdisciplinary relationships in healthcare are important and supported under systems theory. Systems theory supports   interdisciplinary collaboration and behavioral compatency as well as skill compentancy.(Petula, 2005)Discussion of the relationship between diffusion of innovation theory and current nursing practiceMuch of the new information related to improving healthcare rely on the understanding of Innovation theory. With the understanding   of how he althcare innovation is introduced and implimented, a new or healthcare innovation can be incorporated quickly and reach   successfully the goal of implimentation, quality improvement, and optimal patient outcomes in healthcare. Understanding diffusion of   innovation theory can help Supervisors and other implementors of change provide the necessary tools for change to occur among nurses.Diffusion of Innovation theory in current nursing practice is especially needed with the changes that nursing is going through at this time in history. With the courtywide implementation of the electronic medical record mandated by the U.S. government as well as the Affordable Healthcare Act the understanding of how to succefully implement these changes in nursing is very important. With the mandate of the government in place diffusion of innovation theory is and will be an important tool in the success of incorporating new nursing skills into the nursing profession.Summarization of the search st rategies used to acquire information on the specified theoriesMy primary tool in searching for systems theory was Google. In this way I was able to garner multiple sites dedicated to systems theory. When I wanted to tie systems theory into nursing I added the word nursing to systems theory in the search bar. In this manner I was able to view many articles from nursing journals about systems theory and how it related to nursing.I was also able to view information on systems theory on Wikipedia. I conducted similar searches for diffusion of innovation theory. I googled diffusion of innovation theory first then incorporated nursing into the search bar to receive information on how they tie into each other. CINAHL was also used in my searches.It was fairly easy to use but not as easy as google. I was impressed with how much information specific to nursing was available. With CINAHL when conducting my searches there were a few more steps. The first step was to log onto the WGU site then log onto the library. I also had to click on the Federated database search then choose CINAHL. There was a search bar where you can enter your subject matter and add tie ins such as mine, nursing.

Cultural and Political Changes and Continuities in Rome Essay

Rome throughout history is often thought of as rather homogeneous—ancient artifacts timeless, always the same emphases. But, while there were continuities, there were also changes of different sorts in various time periods. Specifically, cultural and political changes in the Roman civilization between 100 ­600 CE, the late classical era, included the rise of Christianity and the division of the empire into two halves, while a continuity was the use of Latin and Greek as common languages. The first change, Christianity spreading throughout the civilization, is shown in the development and spread of Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic lifestyles. Constantine legalized Christianity in the fourth century AD, and soon after, Theodosius made it the empire’s official religion. All other religions in the empire began to fade away, becoming â€Å"discouraged† at best. This was all due to the Christian missionaries who travelled the region. After this, as a result, a new controversy arose: the classic one of the separation of church and state. The unified Christian lifestyle was very different from the previously religiously ­tolerant classical Roman Empire. The next change is that the empire soon split in half. Rome became simply too large to govern under one governmental body, and so split into the Eastern and Western halves in 284. These two had separate governments and separate religions (Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholicism respectively). Also, the halves were relatively independent from each other, fighting their own battles and having different levels of advancement in science, technology, and  more. This was different from the united empire of older times. The separation of the halves would eventually create many controversies in the future, especially whether or not they were to aid one another in battle. A continuity of the time period, however, was the use of the common languages Latin and Greek. Latin was known as the original trademark of the Roman Empire and is still associated with it today. (This is similar to the Chinese language of—where else?—China.) Greek came a bit later, with the spread of Christianity, and became a favorite of scholars and politicians. It was originally spread by Alexander the Great. However, all citizens still needed to know Latin to be able to communicate commonly throughout the empire. Both of these languages were used throughout this time period and this use remained a continuity for the Roman civilization. In conclusion, the cultural and political changes in the Roman Empire between 100 ­600 CE (late classical era) involved the rise of Christianity and the division of the empire. A continuity was the widespread use of Latin and Greek. These changes and continuities would affect global perception of the Roman Empire for many centuries to come.

Business Plan

Business Plan Essay 1. 0 Executive SummaryThere are 3 major elements that helped incubate the idea behind Crowdz.com. The first element would be individuals, the average Joe on the street. The second, organizations that cater solely to entertainment more specifically, Clubs. Third the banning of cigarette companies from advertising direct nor indirectly in Malaysia. Crowdz.com has its total idea, image, and vision to thank for by the presences of individuals, specific age group 18 35 years old, with no idea as to where to party for the weekend or any other day for that matter. A group of four guys were sitting down at a cafe down town at Bangsar. Then the question came, Where shall we party tonight? There were silence for the next 10 minutes, serious brainstorming was at work. However none had a clue as to where to go. Hence ending up in a lousy joint where they had partied last week. Spending at a place, which cannot really give the satisfaction that, they were really looking for. Now, this is a true story. Clubbers, partygoers in general dont really know where to go for a good night out. Its boring to be venturing the same old place. There is not much advertisement for new and up coming clubs, even if there is, it doesnt really hit the market that well, as due to lack of funds to be splurged on advertising. The advertising would be minimal and hence not create a big BANG so to speak to the masses. A few questions had been thrown in for the idea behind Crowdz.com. Questions pertaining to Clubs:1)In what ways can small middle and even large scale clubs able to advertise with minimal cost?2)Why cut each other and try to slash prices of drinks with minimal effect to the masses? 3)Why dont clubs have a sense of belonging? E.g. A club that individually caters to playing House Music or Electronic Trance or Rave or Hip Hop RB or Latin Music? 4)How is a club suppose to capture a large group of audience for a certain event or special theme party? Questions pertaining to Clubbers:1)Where should I club tonight?2)Where are there promotions for drinks? / Where can I get a mug of beer for the cheapest price possible?3)Where can I go that solely plays House Music or Electronic Trance or Rave or Hip Hop RB or Latin Music? 4)Are there any theme parties for tonight? Any special events that would be different from normal clubbing nights for me to go to?Questions pertaining to Banning of Advertising for Cigarette Companies:1)How can the money that is supposed to be spent to advertising now be used?2)How cigarette companies are suppose to comply with the law and still have the luxury of advertising their product? 1. 1 ObjectivesCrowdz.com will totally change the way clubbers lead a lifestyle. Crowdz.com is not so much of an information-based site where by individuals will be able to get information on clubs. Its going to be a lifestyle that clubbers abide to. Its going to be the bible for the average Joe on the street that is out for a good time. Its a who le new lifestyle that will help give a guideline to occasional clubbers and hardcore clubbers. It is a meeting point, a melting pot, a union that will bind clubbers together to achieve a common goal, entertainment to its fullest! Crowdz.com will also revolutionize the way nightlife advertising is done. It will be able to help clubs segment the market, plan out parties and themes that will cater solely for optimum profits. Instead of clubs fighting each other to niche a small market, Crowdz.com will help coordinate each club individually so that it will not be jumping into a market segment that is already so saturated. For example, if there are too many clubs that identifies itself with Hip Hop music, Crowdz.com will be able to advise a new club to diversify into for example Latin Music, where there is a demand but not much supply in the market. Crowdz.com will be able to provide low advertising prices to clubs, with maximum impact to the target audience, via the internet. A website with the correct advertising and promotions

The impact of port privatization on economic development in Nigeria Essay

The impact of port privatization on economic development in Nigeria - Essay Example This however does not necessarily mean that the government stays away from the entity (Obed & Emeghara, 2012). It sticks to its role as a regulator of laws regarding the activities of the body. Port, privatisation in relation to ports, has two degrees of variation (Ogwezzy & Bello, 2013). One is comprehensive privatisation where the successor company becomes the sole owner of the entire ports and all the land and water areas including assets within the port. This is the same as selling the whole port to a private company (Ogwezzy & Bello, 2013). Partial privatisation is a scheme where only part of the assets and activities of a public port are transferred to the private sector. An example of this is where the government sells its existing berths to a private company or where the government concedes with a private company to build and operate a specialised port facility (Ogwezzy & Bello, 2013). Privatisation, therefore, expands the role of the private sector in the ownership and development of existing port facilities, together with developing new services. Economic development is the progress in the economy which usually involves the change of policies, adoption of new technologies and improvement of living standards. It is measured by the level of economic productiv ity. Economic productivity is the ratio of outputs to a volume measured by inputs to a volume measured by inputs. The growth of productivity of ports means that they can produce more output from the same level of input given before (Ogwezzy & Bello, 2013). Development and operation of ports in Nigeria started in the middle of the 19th century. Efforts to provide facilities for vessels using the ocean began with the opening of Lagos Lagoon in the early 1990 (Nwanosike, Tipi & Warnock-Smith, 2012). Development of the Apapa Port, which is the South West of Nigeria was allotted in 1913 and started in 1921. In 1913, the

Discourse, Field-Configuring Events, and Change In Organizations Shell Essay

Discourse, Field-Configuring Events, and Change In Organizations Shell - Essay Example In an attempt to determine the safest and environmentally friendly way to dispose its spar, the company considered to dispose its Brent Spar by sinking it in 6000 feet of Atlantic water. This move was undetermined since the disposal could possibly contaminate other seawater thereby leading to human and environmental dangers (Wheeler et.al, 2009, p. 19). Intentionally, the company ignored critical assumptions made by environmentalist regarding the disposal of this waste. The company was therefore faced with an environmental problem allegation mainly from Greenpeace. This includes regular oil spills, drainage of harmful water into a canal and emission of dangerous gases from the pump. Crime and unemployment were external ethical issues that faced the oil industry. It is cited that the Nigerian government did not utilize the profit earned from the company in infrastructural development and other economic activities that tend to improve economic growth. Instead, the government channels these funds to finance political party’s activities. Unemployment created insecurity within the nation. The government and the system of public officials were cited as the most corrupt in the globe. This was due to misappropriation of government funds, thereby increasing crime in the country. The Nigerian government has the largest number of shares in the company formed collaborations with other industries thereby diluting company’s operations. In this perspective, this strategy was against the will of other shareholders. Considering the initial attempts to take over the company, any collaboration made between the company and United State oil companies placed the company at risk, but the Nigerian government did not put into consideration the decisions of other shareholders when initiating this partnership. It therefore sets up joint ventures with other multinational oil companies (Wheeler et.al, 2009, p. 34). After negotiation and a long debate on proposed

2. Compare and contrast the motivations of a Middle Eastern terrorist Essay

2. Compare and contrast the motivations of a Middle Eastern terrorist organization with those of a domestic terrorist group. What are the similarities and differences - Essay Example In addition, the gravity of a threat passed by terrorist organization or group is dependent on organization or group’s degree of capability and intent. Domestic terrorist groups function usually within and against their nation of residence. The general motivational categories of domestic terrorist group include nationalism, ethnocentrisms, separatism, and revolution. In the context of nationalism, domestic terrorist groups are motivated by national consciousness and devotion as well as loyalty to the nation. The group’s intent can be to split the existing nation or establish a new one that incorporates the alleged national identity. Revolutionary motivation involves group’s attempts to put an end to a conventional order and reinstate governance with a novel social or political structure. Ethnocentric motivation of domestic terrorist group regard racial or ethnic characteristic as major societal defining factor. Furthermore, separatist motivation involves separation from entities or systems through political autonomy, independence, or religious domination or freedom. Separatists promote ideologies such as anti-imperial ism, social equity or justice, and opposition to occupation or conquest by foreign power. The overall ideologies of domestic terrorist group are framed by social, religious, or political purpose (U.S. Department of State, 2007). On the other hand, Middle Eastern terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda primarily operate in their geographic region and between nations. Al-Qaeda usually operates in multiple countries, and maintains focus for its operations with the co-ordination from a particular region. Al-Qaeda focuses on the value of notoriety because of the resultant spectacular attacks and mass media exploitation. One of the common motivations of al-Qaeda and other Middle Eastern terrorist organizations is the Islamic

Precis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Precis - Essay Example The United States also imports oil from unstable countries such as Syria, Pakistan, Algeria and Colombia. Conflicts in these regions majorly arise from unequal sharing of oil revenue. Money from oil trade funds dangerous governments (Lefton & Weiss 2). The expanse use of oil in U.S. is a major cause of climate change. Global warming comes from burning oil by passenger vehicles. It is apparent that climate change has a negative impact on national security. Climate change will create unstable governments, increase terrorist activities and natural disasters, and as a result, displace people from there home (Lefton & Weiss 3). The top five oil companies; BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, ConocoPhilips and Shell are the major benefactors of imported oil in the United States. These companies have made billions of profit by importing oil into the United States. These companies have invested a lot of money in campaigns against clean-energy policies with the objective of ensuring oil dependency (Lefton & Weiss 4). On the contrary, implementing clean-energy policies will save the environment from global warming and economic decline. The above will come into reality if the money to import oil is reinvested in the United States. There will be the creation of new jobs, maintenance of a clean environment and a stabilized economy (Lefton & Weiss

Military and the Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Military and the Media - Research Paper Example The issues surrounding military, media and propaganda are critical aspects that have changed the dynamics of media reporting in several ways (Hammond 5). Without a doubt, the relations between military and the media have been sensitive throughout history. Undoubtedly, military and media are two protectors of democracy. One attempts to safeguard the nation seeking justice to protect external threats. Consequently, the media defends the citizens against governmental improvement and by revealing the truth and attempting to inform the public of the true intentions of the military (Hammond 7). One cannot deny that at times both issues seem to clash within each other. In a democratic nation such as the United States, the relationship of the media is brilliantly depicted in every manner. Relationship is cordial. Censorship becomes a huge issue throughout history as seen in WWI and WWII Germans persuasions to sway public opinion. Military uses social media such as twitter to inform public Me t by heavy criticism by government officials Military responded by stating future is social media Enhanced the dynamic of media used by military Military’s initiative to protect reporters during Iraq war First time during warfare that military took the initiative Reporter casualty was high-served as a reminder between the two Lack of Pakistan military to take initiative to propagate their cause Leads to miscommunication, misinformation and trust Ignores the critical element during warfare Engages the public to impose distrust in military Relationship will continue to be fragile Trust becomes vital for both parties The evolution from censorship to utilization of media is vital What is the future between the two? Military and media Walter Lippmann once quoted, â€Å"We must remember that in time of war what is said on the enemy’s side of the front is always propaganda, and what is said on our side of the front is truth and righteousness, the cause of humanity and a crus ade for peace.† Undoubtedly, the relationship between military and the media has always been a fragile one. The issues surrounding military, media and propaganda are critical aspects that have changed the dynamics of media reporting in several ways (Hammond 5). In addition, the advent of technology has become a super highway for the media to not only report but give the power to itself to persuade public opinion. Without a doubt, the relations between military and the media have been sensitive throughout history. The concept of censorship and the media’s pursuit to inform the public through its various channels have become the focal point of the clash between the two sides that continue to be present even today. Undoubtedly, military and media are two protectors of democracy. One attempts to safeguard the nation seeking justice to protect external threats. Consequently, the media defends the citizens against governmental improvement and by revealing the truth and attemp ting to inform the public of the true intentions of the military (Hammond 7). One cannot deny that at times both issues seem to clash within each other. In a democratic nation such as the United States, the relationship of the media is brilliantly depicted in every manner. The relationship be

The role of intelligence in energy security. An analysis of the Essay

The role of intelligence in energy security. An analysis of the ongoing competition over Caspian Oil and Gas reserves between major states - Essay Example Former oil industry executive, and now current American Vice-President Dick Cheney famously remarked, "I cant think of a time when weve had a region emerge as suddenly to become as strategically significant as the Caspian†.1 Accordingly, access to oil has quickly become a hotly contested issue with protagonists from East to West seeking to reap the benefits of the full-scale exploitation of what has quickly become one of the most geopolitically significant regions of the globe. Aiming to explore the strategic development of the Caspian Sea region and the emergence of this territory as a globally-contested hot-spot, this dissertation will seek to address a variety of important questions. These include the following research questions which will guide this analysis: Accordingly, these questions and many more will guide our analysis of the role of intelligence in energy security in the Caspian Sea region. Seeking to provide a thorough and concise overview of the current challenges facing the full exploitation of a region which has quickly become strategically significant in geopolitical affairs, this essay will be organized in the following manner. Beginning with a brief overview of the research design, methodology and data recovery employed, this section will be followed by a concise yet relevant historical analysis of the Caspian region as well as the historical antecedents to the development of the Caspian Sea region. The Caspian Sea region is important to global energy markets as it is a newly discovered source of natural resources including oil and natural gas. Accordingly, this region has the potential to become a major exporter of oil and natural gas into the twenty first century. After more than eight years of exploration and development, in May of 2005 oil from the southernmost sections of the Caspian Sea began pumping through a new pipeline established by a British Petroleum-led

Integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Integrity - Essay Example Some leaders strictly abide by this value; but some, by internal or external factors, are led to be swayed into violating ethical and moral codes of conduct and behavior. The most important integrity competency for an organizational leader is acting consistently with principles, values, and beliefs – which include those stipulated by policies and principles of the organization; because they are expected to abide by the overall goals and interests of various stakeholders who are expected to be governed under these standards. For a political leader, the integrity competency of keeping promises is paramount because they had been voted by the public to serve through advocacies and political platform which had been formed and communicated through plan of action and promises of performance. Finally, a spiritual leader is expected to abide by the integrity competency of telling the truth based on religious doctrines and teachings of the faith so that their followers would be enjoined to practice what they preach. I strongly believe that since one has developed personal values and interests, it would naturally be exuded and adhered to in whatever scenario, setting, or role that one assumes in life. Thus, whether one becomes a follower or a leader, the same set of values and interests would be manifested and applied. As a leader, the advice that I would give others to help them stand up for their values and interests would be to develop values that are consistent with moral, ethical and legal standards and to remain steadfast in conforming to these values. By doing so, leaders and followers would be assured that a sense of integrity is maintained and sustained and one’s image as a person with integrity would never be

Managing Conflict Essay Example for Free

Managing Conflict Essay Managing conflict Medicolegal issues We live in an increasingly demanding and vociferous society and incidents of conflict and aggression are sadly commonplace. Kate Taylor, Clinical Risk Manager at the Medical Protection Society offers advice on how to deal with the problem Working in general practice is busy and demanding, with increased workloads, stretched time and some patients having greater expectations of care. At times, when expectations are not met, we can find ourselves in conflict with patients and in some situations this can turn to aggression. As nurses, how should we deal with potentially difficult situations? This article aims to increase our understanding of conflict and provide strategies to deal with it effectively. It also includes practical tips to reduce risks associated with managing conflict and aggression. DEFINITIONS Conflict means different things to different people. The Health and Safety Executive defines workplace violence as any incident where staff are abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, well-being or  health.1 Non-physical violence can be defined as the use of inappropriate words or behaviour causing distress and/or constituting harassment.'[ 2] The scale of the problem There is limited documentation relating to violence against nurses working in general practice. However, a recent survey carried out by the British Medical Association, to which 20% of doctors responded, found:[ 3] * Violence is a problem in the workplace for half of doctors (same for GPs and hospital doctors). * 1 in 3 respondents had experienced some form of violence in the workplace in the last year (same for hospital doctors and GPs). * 1 in 5 doctors reported an increase in violence in the past year, but the level remained constant for the majority. * Among doctors who reported some experience of violence, most had been the victim of verbal abuse in the past year while more than half had received a threat, and a third had been physically assaulted. Most injuries were minor, but 5% were serious. In April 2011, NHS Protect was set up. It is responsible for leading on work to protect NHS staff and resources from crime in England.[ 4] According to its statistics, physical assault against NHS staff is steadily increasing. However, these statistics do not capture the incidents where staff have been subjected to non-physical violence. In general practice, members of staff are more likely to be subjected to non-physical violence. Imagine working as a practice nurse and an unhappy patient threatens you, telling you I know where you live? We cannot underestimate the impact that such non-physical violence can have on individuals. CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS Circumstances * Members of the general practice team are particularly vulnerable as they often consult with patients alone. Doctors and practice nurses often work in small numbers. * Home visits are usually carried out alone. System and Organisational Problems * Delays, restrictions and mistakes such as lost prescriptions or delays in test results * Lack of appointments * Patient disappointment often results from unmet expectations, whether  realistic or unrealistic. Environment * Waiting room (heating, lighting, noise and seating) * Cramped consulting rooms without easy exit for health professionals * Lack of privacy * Availability of potential weapons. Patient Factors * Increased expectations and the difficulties in meeting these demands. Dissatisfaction with the care provided is perceived as the most common cause of aggression and violence * Strong patient emotions e.g. uncertainty, frustration, stress and anxiety. Anger is often secondary to emotions such as anxiety or grief * An underlying medical condition such as hypoglycaemia or psychotic illness * Physical symptoms including pain, headache or over-tiredness * Mental health problems such as * Personal problems e.g. financial, relationship, stress at work * Drugs and alcohol. Staff Factors * Under pressure staff-working in noisy cramped rooms, unable to trace or contact staff * In adequate staff numbers * Escalating the situation by confrontation, over-reacting, poor ccmmunication, inconsistencies in handling patients, patronising behaviour, ignoring a situation or falling to apologise. COMMUNICATION SKILLS Good communication with patients is likely to reduce the risk of conflict and violence. As nurses, how we communicate with our patients can have an impact on how difficult situations develop. We need to think about what we say and how we say it. We should rely on our strong communication skills to determine with our patients what they can expect from the services we provide. A study by American psychologist, Albert Mehrabian, determined that non-verbal communication represents over 50% of an interaction.[ 5] Being aware of your own body language can be the first step to understanding how it is perceived by our patients. Listening and empathising with patients are essential skills for nurses-so how do we ensure our patients know we are listening? * Give the patient your undivided attention * Dont trivialise the patients issue * How is the patient feeling are they angry, afraid, frustrated? Respond to the emotion as well as the words * Allow the patient to finish what they are saying * Ask questions, paraphrase and reflect to ensure you understand the message. CHALLENGING INTERACTIONS Challenging interactions with patients can be a significant cause of stress for nurses, yet the nature of most clinical jobs makes these encounters unavoidable. It can be difficult to communicate your point of view effectively for fear of generating conflict, which can lead to frustration and dissatisfaction, and may affect your ability to give good care. It is vital to build a trusting relationship with the patient in these circumstances; ensure you listen attentively, empathise and avoid confrontation. Maintain eye contact and try to establish a shared understanding of the patients problem. Having acknowledged their perspective, respectfully inform them of your position. Then work on achieving a mutually agreeable solution or way forward rather than focussing on points of disagreement, which can otherwise degenerate into an argument. Then help and support the patient to achieve the agreed solution. After challenging interactions that have required you to state your position, ensure there is effective communication with other members of the practice clinical team, along with a clear record of the discussions held. This will ensure consistency should the patient approach a different clinician seeking to re-negotiate an alternative plan or outcome. PRACTICAL TIPS Practices should consider: * Providing a side room or separate area to deal with upset/aggressive patients or those who need more privacy. * Providing good temperature and ventilation control, adequate seating and clear signage * Providing calming measures to reduce frustration, anxiety or boredom such as distractions in waiting room e.g. toys for children, magazines for adults * Adding an agreed marker to the summary of a patients record who has a history of violence (and ensure it is factually accurate) * Having a protocol for involving the police and removing patients from the list * Using CCTV * Ensuring all practice staff have access to panic alarms * Providing locks for all areas where patient access is restricted CONCLUSION We can and will experience conflict in general practice due to the sheer volume of patient contacts that occur every day. The key to managing a conflict situation is to try to de-escalate it as much as possible.confidentiality is central to the trust between nurses and their patients think how easy it may be to breach confidentiality when you have a situation with an aggressive patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of conduct clearly states you must respect peoples right to confidentiality.[ 6] As a last resort you can remove a patient from the practice list. However, this can be seen as an emotive issue, risking criticism from bodies such as the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, the GMC and the media. You can find useful information on how to go about it in the MPS factsheet, Removing patients from the practice list (September 2013).[ 7] http://www.medicalprotection.org/ uk/england-factsheets/removing-patients-from-the-practice-list. CASE STUDY Nurse E is about to start her clinic when she notices Mrs S on the list of patients for the day. Her heart sinks. Mrs S often presents with one or more complaints, talks nonstop and does not listen to advice provided. She knows from experience that interactions with Mrs S will be challenging. Mrs S is called in 20 minutes later than her planned appointment and she lets Nurse E know that she is not happy. Nurse E admits that her clinic is running late but tells Mrs S that she had an unavoidable emergency. She proceeds to take Mrs Ss blood pressure and other vital signs. Mrs S then asks Nurse E for a prescription for antibiotics as she is going on holiday and wants them just in case her chest flares up while away. Nurse E advises her that she will need to make an appointment to see the GP. Mrs S, now increasingly unhappy, begins to raise her voice and bang her fist on the desk, demanding a prescription before she leaves. Nurse E, staying calm, advises Mrs S that she is unable to give her a prescription as she doesnt have any active symptoms. Mrs S storms out of the consultation room pushing past Nurse E. Understandably upset, Nurse E calls the practice manager to report the incident. How could this situation have been dealt with better? * Apologise when mistakes occur or when clinics are running late. Some practices ask reception staff to inform patients when they are checking in if clinicians are behind schedule * Ensure patients are well informed about how systems at the practice work to try to reduce unrealistic expectations * Acknowledge the patients emotions and allow them to express them, which can take time. Ask the patient to tell you about their concerns. Listen actively using comments such as I see, or go on?, and nodding your head. Summarise their experiences, feelings and concerns back to them * Work with the patient to resolve the situation. Agree a plan for dealing with their concerns and moving forward. * Try to offer an alternative solution to demonstrate that you are keen to help them. For example, Im sorry Mrs S, but I am unable to give you a prescription. However, if you wish to make an appointment with one of the GPs you can discuss this with them * Consider the layout of the consulting rooms and reception area to ensure you can leave the room if the situation escalates. Aggression in healthcare settings is becoming all too common REFERENCES 1. Health and Safety Executive: work related violence www.hsegov.uk/violence 2. NHS Business Services(2012) Not part of my job http://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/Documents/ SecurityManagement/NP0J1 .pdf 3. British Medical Association (2008). Violence in the workplace. The experience of doctors in the UK. http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/ PDFviolence08/$FILE/Violence.pdf 4. NHS Protect 2013 http://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/Protect.aspx 5. Mehrabian, A(1971) Silent messages Belmont, CA:Wadsworth 6. NMC(2011)The code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Standards/ nmc TheCodeStandardsofConduct PerformanceAndEthicsForNursesAndMidwives%5FLargePrintVersion.PDF 7. MPS Factsheet removing patients from practices list September 2013 http://www.medicalprotection.org/uk/england-factsheets/removing-patients-from-the-practice-list ~~~~~~~~

Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel Essay Example for Free

Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel Essay Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel is said to be the â€Å"Father of the Kindergarten† for his huge involvement, and devoting his life to the development of a system of education for young children. In German, the word kindergarten means children’s garden, and he thought that this was best in the age of six and younger. He spent his entire life helping with the development of the young and early childhood development. Wilhelm Froebel was born in the Thuringia region of Germany. He had a childhood that was not so fond for remembrance because of how terrible it had been for him. This is what shaped him to be able to come up with the idea of kindergarten. Froebel lost his mother before the age of one, and this meant that he had been left with this father who had to take care of three boys because Froebel had two other brothers. Their father never had much time for any of them. As a boy that would be hard for any child, and this caused him to have to spend most of his time alone at his home. He spent a lot of that time in the gardens by his home, and would play there for most of the day (Coron 4). Exploring all day was what he loved to do the most, and this would make a major influence on what he would do for the rest of his life. He started teaching at a school when he was a young man at Frankfurt Model School, and this school was a school that was focused on the teachings of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who was a very well respected teacher of his day. This school accepted poor children, and orphans. He believed that children needed to be involved in very active ways. As he left this school, he left it with his very hands on learning approach, and went to privately tutor children. The parents of the children that he tutored were very kind in giving him space in their garden to use to help teach the children. In 1837 Froebel founded his first school, and called it Kindergarten, or the children’s garden (Coron 4). This was a very exciting thing because before he opened this school, if you were under the age of seven, you did not attend school. At the age of seven, you then could go to school. Now that Froebel opened his school, children at the age of two were able to go to school (coron 3). Froebel was very free with the children, he allowed them to have a lot of activity time to be free with themselves, and figure things out. He believed that this was the best idea for them to have their own space, and time to figure out, as he did as a child. The mot that Froebel gave the children was a classroom, he believed that giving children a place to create, and imagine freely was the best gift anyone could have given them. Froebel wrote books, and in his book â€Å"Education of Man† he wrote â€Å"Play is the highest phase of child development-the representation of the inner necessity and impulse.† (coron 5). He thought that teachers should be friendly people who are helpers, not discip linarians. In his classroom there were blocks, pets, and finger plays. (Coron 5). He was inspirational to all. Froebel designed his classroom to have the following things as meeting a child’s needs; Physical activity, because it is important for a child to move, the development of sensory awareness and physical dexterity, creative expression, exploring of ideas, the pleasure of singing, the experience of living among others, and satisfaction of the soul. (Coron 4). These are all things we teach today to our children, and encourage our children to do. I think going back and looking at the bones of things could really help our society as a whole. Froebel was a very inspirational man to a lot of other great theorists such as Maria Montessori, who started Montessori schools. (Coron 2). I am in great belief of how much of a influence Froebel had on the early childhood education as a whole. He really was the father of kindergarten. I think that him having such an influence, really helped us shape the early education now. Froebel believed that â€Å"Humans are essentially productive, and creative† (coron 1.) I believe he is right, no matter what age you are, you are creative in your own way. It starts out at birth, even with how you relate to your mother, and father is creative, and how you interpret things as a young child is important. I know that if Froebel had not been involved, that what we call early childhood now, would not be the same as it is now. I am a firm believer in how he started to do things, letting children develop their own ideas about who they are, and how to do things in the world around them is really all a part of life.

Gendered Toys And The Perceptions Children And Young People Essay

Gendered Toys And The Perceptions Children And Young People Essay The focus of this research was gendered toys and the perceptions children and their parents hold about these types of toys, it aimed to investigate childrens reasoning about gendered toys and looked to establish if a link exists between the perceptions of parents and the toy preferences of children. Gendered toys can be described as being toys which are generally thought of as being suitable for one gender over the other, for example wheeled toys for males and dolls for females (Pleil and Williams, 2008; Francis, 2010). Throughout this research the term gender typical toys will be used to describe toys which are traditionally considered most appropriate for the sex choosing them, the term gender atypical is used to describe toys traditionally thought of as being suitable for a child of the opposite gender to the sex of the child selecting them. This subject is especially significant today, as it appears that the manufacturing and marketing of toys is more gender stereotyped now than previously; with the vast majority of toy stores having aisles, or even entire floors dedicated to a specific gender (Francis, 2010). Therefore, todays children are being exposed to gender stereotyped toys to a greater degree than their counterparts would have been in the past (Francis, 2010). Looking at research which sought parents experiences of what toys their children preferred has demonstrated that young children vary vastly when it comes to their choice of toys and that they have very clear opinions of what toys are most suited to each gender (Pleil and Williams, 2008). Furthermore, research has demonstrated that children develop mental schemas of objects, which are gender stereotyped from a very young age (Ruble, Martin and Berenbaum, 2006). The gender stereotypes and gender stereotypical behaviour that forms during early childhood are an interesting and important issue, as it has been established that these gender notions can influence a childs career choices as adults (Cherney and Dempsey, 2010; Francis, 2010). Furthermore, toy choice in itself is an important issue research has shown that toys teach children vital life skills, however, these skills vary depending on which gender the toy is stereotypically aimed at (Fagot and Leinbach, 1983; Francis, 2010). It ha s been argued that the toys stereotypically aimed each gender foster totally different social and cognitive skills, with boys toys developing problem-solving skills whilst girls toys develop nurturing and caring skills (Cherney and London, 2006; Francis, 2010). Therefore, the toys children play with, along with childrens gender stereotypical views of them are important and valid issues to research as the impact is long term and has implications in adulthood. There are several theoretical perspectives on how children come to acquire gender stereotypes and gendered behaviours. The social cognitive theory of gender development postulates that children learn gender norms and gendered behaviours through observing their environment and the people within it; children observe the behaviours of people in their environment and replicate them. Gendered behaviours are reinforced through the reward and punishment of behaviour, considered appropriate or inappropriate by others that the child experiences (Bussey and Bandura, 1999). Therefore, according to this standpoint the concept of gender and the acquisition of gendered behaviour is a socially constructed phenomenon. However, research conducted on Verve and Rhesus monkeys has established that young primates display the same gendered behaviours observed in their human counterparts (Alexander and Hines, 2002; Hassett, Siebert and Wallen 2008). This research suggests that gender stereotypical toy pref erences may be a reflection of the biological differences between males and females rather than being a direct result of socialisation (Pleil and Williams, 2008). Therefore, according to this standpoint gendered behaviour is as a result of biological differences between the sexes. Despite this evidence, suggesting that children may be biologically predisposed to being gender stereotypical in their toy preferences, this paper is underpinned by the hypothesis that childrens social interactions, especially with their parents, are influential on their perception and choice when it comes to toys. The overarching approach of this research was a case study, employing document analysis, questionnaire and interview techniques of data collection. The central research question for this study was How do children and their parents perceive and reason about gendered toys and what, if any, connection exists between these perceptions in relation to childrens toy preferences. Four aims were identified and addressed by formulating four research questions, in order to answer the central research question. These research questions were: What are childrens toy preferences and how, if at all, are these preferences interrelated to the gender of the child? How do children reason about their toy choice when deciding which toys they wish to play with? What are parental perceptions of the suitability of gendered toys? How, if at all, are parental perceptions of toys interlinked with toy choice and the reasoning behind toy choice, of children? Chapter 2: Review of the Literature Introduction This review will examine issues relating to the perspectives held by children and parents on gendered toys. Firstly it will examine childrens toy preferences, exploring the gender dimorphic nature, which research has uncovered regarding childrens toy choices. Then the review will then explore the reasoning behind childrens toy choices, parental perspectives on the suitability of toys in relation to gender and finally the influence of parents on childrens perspective and choice. 2.1: Childrens Toy Preferences and Gender It has been put forward that the vast majority of experiments designed to assess childrens toy preferences were not true reflections of what children would choose in real life (Down, 1983). Down (1983) argues that prior experiments were too restrictive, only offering a very limited choice between small selections of typically male or female toys, which rarely offered a gender neutral choice. In his own research Down assessed elementary school aged childrens toy preferences by utilising childrens letters to Santa Claus, allowing for an unrestricted, ecologically valid method of ascertaining childrens preferences in a real life, naturalistic way. Down found that many of the toys selected by the children were not traditionally gendered toys, rather they were toys which could be considered gender neutral; girls were found to be especially likely to request gender neutral toys whilst boys requested gender typical and gender neutral toys in equal measure. Nevertheless, Downs research also demonstrated that boys and girls both prefer gender typical toys over gender atypical toys, a notion which has been supported through the findings of subsequence research (Carter and Levy, 1988; Martin, Eisenbud and Rose, 1995; Cherney et al, 2003). Recent research which, like Downs work offered a holistic insight into childrens toy preferences, was conducted by Cherney and London (2006). The child participants in this study were asked to list their favourite toys, the participants were free to choose whatever toys they wished. Considerable differences were found in the favourite toys that were chosen based on the childs gender, replicating the previous finding of Down; both boys and girls preferred gender typical over gender atypical toys. They also discovered that whilst boys preferences became slightly more masculine as the child aged, that in contrast girls toy preference became less feminine with age. More recently it has been discovered that even the youngest children, infants aged between 3 and 8 months, appear to show a preference for gender typical toys. Alexander, Wilcox and Woods (2009) investigated whether infants display a preference for gender typical toys, this was ascertained using eye-tracking technology to measure the time the infants spent focused on either a truck or a doll. It was found that girl infants showed a preference for the doll, whilst the boy infants spent more time focused on the truck. The research of Alexander, Wilcox and Woods, supports the notion of a biological foundation for gendered preferences of toys. The notion of a biological underpinning for childrens gender-based preferences has been highlighted through research conducted with infant monkeys (Alexander and Hines, 2002; Hassett, Siebert and Wallen 2008), as these preferences are being observed at an age before it is commonly accepted that children have established gender identity and gender t ypical behaviour. However, it cannot be ignored that some of the research discussed above (Alexander and Hines, 2002; Hassett, Siebert and Wallen, 2008 and Alexander, Wilcox and Wood, 2009), is guilty of the very criticism put forward by Down (1983). These studies only offered the participants a choice between limited arrays of gendered toys with none offering participants a gender neutral option. Therefore, it could be argued that these studies do not demonstrate well-rounded picture of childrens toy preferences and therefore the validity of these findings could be called into question. Nevertheless, the findings of these studies, when considered alongside the more well-rounded research discussed above (Down, 1983; Cherney and London, 2006) clearly show that children, of both the human and primate variety, demonstrate a marked preference for gender typical over gender atypical toys, therefore providing a valid and important insight into childrens toy preference and the difference between the preferen ces of girls and boys. 2.2: Childrens Reasoning Regarding Toy Preference and Suitability Through previous research, several key factors have emerged that influence a childs reasoning about whom toys are suitable for. Several studies have found that childrens reasoning about who else would enjoy playing with a particular toy is often egocentric. It has been found that when a child likes a particular toy they often reason that other children of their own gender would also like the toy and conversely children of the opposite gender would not like it (Carter and Levy, 1988; Martin, Eisenbud and Rose, 1995; Cherney, Harper and Winter, 2006). These studies show that young children often used egocentric reasoning when thinking about what other children would like, they conclude that what they enjoy others of their own sex would also enjoy and those of the opposite sex would not. However, Martin, Eisenbud and Rose (1995) established that when toys are labelled as being for a certain gender, it is highly influential on childrens reasoning about who would enjoy that toy. They presented children with attractive, but unfamiliar toys and asked them to rate the toys appeal to themselves and other children, the results were concurrent with the previous research of Carter and Levy (1988), the childrens reasoning was egocentric; they concluded that what they liked other children of their gender would like. However, when they presented the children with another set of toys, applying gender labelling to them, they uncovered a very different reaction. The children used the gender labels to reason about their own and others preference for that toy, even with a very attractive toy, if it was labelled for the opposite gender the children were less favourable towards that toy and reasoned that other children of their own gender wouldnt like it either. Therefore, this researc h clearly demonstrates the power of gender labels to influence childrens reasoning and preferences when choosing what toys they themselves would enjoy as well as when considering what other children would enjoy. Another common influence on childrens gender-based reasoning uncovered by recent research conducted by Cherney and Dempsey (2010) is gender association; children would habitually reason that a toy was most suitable for a particular gender based on the gender of the toy itself. An example of this was when a swimming pool, a toy deemed to be gender neutral, was classified as being a girls toy because it featured Dora the Explorer whom is herself a girl. Furthermore, this research has also identified toy colour as being another factor which influences childrens reasoning and toy preferences. Using gender ambiguous and neutral toys, this research aimed to establish how young children classify toys with less notable gender typical features, finding that colour was commonly cited as a reason for the classification of toys by gender (Cherney and Dempsey, 2010). This finding could be due to the increasing trend seen in recent years for toy manufacturers to commonly market the same toy, which is often a gender neutral toy such as a camera, in gender typical colours. With the pink option being marketed at girls and the blue version marketed at boys. The studies outlined above demonstrate that childrens reasoning about toy preferences and suitability is influenced by a number of factors and is often egocentric. However the common thread running throughout all these studies is that outside influences, such a gender labels and colour greatly influences the toys children like. The personal, egocentric reasoning employed by children in the absence of outside influences, coupled with the change in childrens reasoning that comes with outside influences clearly shows that children are highly aware of societal and cultural norms and it would appear that, on the whole, children tend to conform to these gender norms when it comes to the toys they considered to be most appealing. 2.3: Parental Perceptions of Gendered Toys and Their Suitability During the late 1970s an observational study was conducted, which investigated how parents praise and punish childrens behaviour, it was found that the types of behaviours parents praise or punish differ for boys and girls. The study discovered that boys were punished when they played with gender atypical toys and praised when they played with gender typical toys, it also found that girls were punished for rough and tumble play (Fagot, 1978). Therefore, it would seem from this research that parents have clear views on what toys and play styles are suitable for either sex and that they actively discourage their children from engaging in play or using toys traditionally stereotyped as belonging to the opposite sex. This finding was supported by later research, investigating parental participation in childrens play (Roopnarine, 1986), which discovered parents most often participated when their children were playing with toys traditionally considered appropriate for their gender. Therefo re, these studies (Fagot, 1978; Roopnarine, 1986) suggest that parents, either directly through punishment or indirectly through their lack of participation, encourage their children to prefer gender typical toys and reject gender atypical ones. However, more recently a study conducted by Wood et al (2002) investigating parental views of gender stereotyped toys found that traditional gender categorisation of toys did not reflect the parents views on toy suitability. This study found that many toys traditionally considered to be either male or female, were categorised as being gender neutral by the parents. The physical features of the toys used in this study were controlled to limit factors, such as colour, from influencing gender categorisation. Therefore, the parents must have made their decision based on something outside of the physical features of the toys; the researchers believed this could be due to a shift in recent times of the typical gender role stereotypes (Wood et al, 2002). Nevertheless, this study discovered that parents believed gendered toys to be most desirable to the gender the toy is traditionally assigned to. This research also observed parents and children at play to ascertain which toys were utilised most often by each gender. While observing boys and parents typically masculine toys were played with the most, a finding consistent with previous studies however, when observing girls and parents there was more flexibility, playing with feminine and neutral toys equally which deviates from previous studies. Therefore the shift in how parents categorised toys uncovered by this research did not reflect in their real life play situations with their children (Wood et al, 2002). The findings of these studies (Fagot, 1978; Roopnarine, 1986) suggest that parents have differing views on what toys and activities are suitable for children based on their gender, and that they reinforce these views through their behaviour when interacting with their child. However, more recent findings (Wood et al, 2002) suggest that parents view of traditionally gender stereotyped toys is evolving and that modern parents are reinterpreting the traditional roles of gendered toys. Nevertheless, despite this shift in how parents are categorising childrens toys, Wood et al (2002) still found that parents believed stereotypically gendered toys to be most desirable to the gender typically associated to them, showing that there is still a gender division in children toys. 2.4: Parental Influence on Childrens Toy Choices and Reasoning It has been argued by Mischel (1966) that children learn gendered behaviours prior to realising that they belong to a particular gender, this occurs through a process of modelling and reinforcement by adults. Furthermore, as previously discussed the praise and punishment delivered by parents differs depending on the sex of the child, with girls and boys both being praised for gender typical behaviour and punished for gender atypical behaviour (Fagot, 1978). These two pieces of literature suggest that children learn gender labelling and gendered behaviours through the social interactions they experience in their early lives. This standpoint on childrens acquisition of gender labels and gendered behaviour is called social learning theory and opposes the cognitive-developmental theory of children acquisition of gendered behaviours as proposed by Kohlberg (1966). The cognitive-developmental theory argues that children develop an awareness of their own gender before developing an understa nding of the typical behaviour associated with each gender (Kohlberg, 1966). Through the lens of the social learning theorist gendered behaviours are viewed as being a precursor of the gender development process, whereas cognitive-developmental theorists sees gender development as being a causal factor in children acquiring gendered behaviours (Weinraub et al, 1984). Therefore from a social learning perspective parents, as young childrens primary socialiser, have a massive potential to influence the existence of gender behaviour in their child and therefore may influence the types of toys children choose to play with. Research conducted investigating young childrens gender identity, toy choices and family characteristics has found that parents do hold an influence over their childs toy choice (Weinraub et al, 1984). However, this influence was not universal for mothers and fathers. The study found that in the case of mothers it is their occupation, not their sex-typed personality traits, which affect childrens development of gender labelling and therefore their toy choices. On the other hand, the study found that in the case of fathers, sex-typed personality traits strongly influenced the development of gender labels in children, and their toy preferences, especially in the case of boys (Weinraub et al, 1984). However, another study conducted shortly after found that contrary to previous research suggesting fathers as being the primary force supporting the development of children learning gender labels, that mothers and fathers were equally involved (Roopnarine, 1986). The results of these studies (Weinraub et al, 1984; Roopnarine, 1986) demonstrate that parents, especially fathers of boys, can influence the gender labels that children develop, and in turn the choices children make about toys and support the hypothesis proposed by social-learning theorists. Chapter Three: Methodology 3.1: Research Methods The overarching research design of this research was that of the case study. This design was chosen as it enables real life participants to be examined in a real life situation, allowing for an in-depth insight into the phenomenon being investigated (Cohen et al, 2011). The phenomenon this research project examined was gendered toys; it investigated how children and their parents perceive and reason about such toys and aimed to establish whether there is a link between the perceptions of parents and the preferences of children. A further benefit of the case study approach is that it allows findings to be presented in a clear and concise manner, enabling the reader to have a clearer understanding of the ideas being presented (Cohen et al, 2011). Case studies have been defined as being the study of a single instance within a bounded system, for example a school, class, community (Adelman et al, 1980; Creswell, 1994 cited in Cohen et al, 2011). However, it has been put forward that such a tight definition is not an appropriate definition of the case study approach. Yin (2009) argues that the line between the phenomenon being investigated and the context where it is being investigating is not clear-cut; therefore it is important contextualise case studies by employing strategies such as rich descriptions and details. Nevertheless, this case study did investigate a phenomenon within a bounded system, focusing on families from within a community whose children all attend the same school. The case study approach was chosen for this research as the approach is particularly useful in establishing cause and effect, and the aim of this research was to establish if parental perceptions influence children choices. In addition, case stud ies allow the effects of a phenomenon to be observed within a real life perspective, allowing for a better understanding of how the context of a situation influences both cause and effect (Cohen et al, 2011). Case studies are excellent for providing both the researcher and the reader with an in-depth and rich understanding of the phenomenon being investigated. Nevertheless, as a case study is usually focused upon a fairly narrow line of inquiry, focused on a specific phenomenon or a single setting, it does have its limitations. A major, often cited limitation is the lack of generality; finding and conclusion drawn by a case study cannot be applied to a wider context than that within which it was conducted (Robert-Holmes, 2011). It is therefore of upmost importance that researchers conducting case studies do not attempt to make claims applying the knowledge obtained through a case study universally. This research employed three data collection methods within its case study research design, these were, questionnaires, documentary research and an interview. Three methods of data collection were employed in order to provide the study with triangulation. Triangulation is the process of employing two or more methods of data collection when researching an aspect of human behaviour, allowing the researcher to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the behaviour they are investigating (Cohen et al, 2011; Robert-Holmes, 2011). Triangulation is important as it provides the research with validity, which in turn makes the conclusions drawn by research more believable to the reader (Mukherji Albon, 2009). An overview of these methods and their benefits and limitations, will follow. Questionnaires can be a useful tool for gathering data for research as they quickly collect large quantities of data, and due to the standardised nature of the questionnaire the data collected is easily comparable (Willan, 2010; Robert-Holmes, 2011). However, it must be noted that questionnaire data lacks the depth and breadth of interview data, which offers a more in-depth insight of peoples thoughts, beliefs and attitudes (Robert-Holmes, 2011). Whilst questionnaires can be very useful, being easy to distribute and a comparatively cheap and quick method of collecting large quantities of data, they can prove problematic as getting responses back can often be challenging (Willan, 2010; Robert-Holmes, 2011). Furthermore, the formulation of a questionnaire can be difficult to get right requiring careful consideration; it is especially easy for questionnaires to lack clarity, be ambiguous and to be leading to its participants (Willan, 2010). Therefore, special consideration needs to be t aken to ensure the questions are formulated in a way to ensure the necessary data is collected, whilst making sure that the questionnaire itself is not overly long or complicated. An overly long or complex questionnaire can put off potential participants, which in turn may result in a low response rate which then effects the breadth of the data collected (Oppenheim, 1992; Foody, 1993). For this reason, the questions for this projects questionnaire were designed to be clear and concise furthermore, unnecessary questions were omitted from the questionnaire in an attempt to maximise participation. Documentary research can provide an insight into human social activity, briefly speaking a document can be describes as being a record of an event or a process, which is produced by an individual or group (Cohen et al, 2011). Documentary research can help researchers understand current practices; however through analysing historical documentation researchers can use this method to investigate how historical perceptions have influenced current thinking (Willan, 2010; Cohen et al, 2011). Documentary evidence can come in many different formats and is not merely the analysis of written documents, such as policy documents and letters; documentary evidence can be obtained from various multimedia sources such as radio, films and emails (Willan, 2010; Cohen et al, 2011). The documents analysed by this research were collages of favourite toys produced autonomously by the child participants; it was used to provide a current picture of the childrens toy preferences obtained with minimal adult i nfluence. However, documents do not provide information automatically, they require careful analysis and interpretation to reveal the information contained within them. Therefore, the worth of data obtained through documentary analysis is highly variable, depending on how able the person analysing it is to fully understanding its meaning (Cohen et al, 2011). The final method of data collection employed by this study was the semi-structured interview, employing the use of an interview guide which, while listing areas to be discussed was not a fixed, premeditated interview schedule as would be used in a structured interview (Robert-Holmes, 2011). The semi-structured technique was selected over the structured technique as it provides a good degree exploration whilst minimising the potential to wander from the intended area of discussion (Willan, 2010; Robert-Holmes, 2011). Semi-structured interviews centre firmly on the participant and their beliefs and opinions, rather than the researcher, which is the case in a structured interview; there is far more scope for the participant to influence the course the interview takes. When conducting a semi-structured interview the researcher acts as a facilitator encouraging the participants to vocalise their opinions about the matter being discussed (Robert-Holmes, 2011). The interviews for this study were conducted as a group in the childrens school environment, additionally the researcher was known to these children from their role as a volunteer in the class. These measures were taken to ensure that the children felt as comfortable as possible, as feeling intimidated or uncomfortable by the situation could potentially affect the success of the interview (Robert-Holmes, 2011). Furthermore, it was felt that building a good rapport with the children, through volunteering in their classroom before commencing the data collection was imperative. This was because children are generally not used to unfamiliar adults asking them about their thoughts, feelings or experiences, therefore good researcher-child relationships are fundamental for successfully interviewing children (Folque, 2010). 3.2: Ethical Considerations Before data collection commenced a letter explaining the aims and data collection methods of this research was presented to both the school and the parents of the children participating in the research. This was to ensure that all parties involved were aware of how and why the research was being conducted; a Criminal Records Bureau enhanced disclosure certificate was also shown to the school and made available for the parents to view to demonstrate that the research was being conducted by a suitable adult. Through giving participants transparent information on the aims and data collection methods of the research allowed the adult participants to give their informed consent to participate on the research. Parents were asked for their permission for the children to participate, additionally the children were briefed on their part in the research and it was made clear to all parties that their participation was in no way compulsory and that they were free to withdraw at any point. Copies of the letters sent to the school and parents, along with the ethical approval form for this research can be found in the appendices (See Appendix 2 and 3). Chapter Four: Results 4.1 Analysing Childrens Toy Collages Introduction In order to collect information about the toy preferences of the children participating the document analysis method of data collection was used, the documentary evidenced analysed was collages created by the children of their favourite toys. Full details of this method can be found in the methodology chapter of this research project (See 3.1). Aims The aim of using document analysis was to ascertain the childrens toy preferences in a naturalistic and unbiased way. It allowed the children to complete a collage of their favourite toys autonomously, with minimal outside influences. This information was required to determine to what extent, if at all, children prefer gender stereotypical toys. Procedures In total 31 families of Year 2 children at a West Midlands primary school were contacted with details the research and asked if they would be interested in participating. In total 10 families expressed an interest in taking part, giving a response rate of 32.2 %, 4 families were then selected to participate. The families selected were of white British background and from intact family units. These families were chosen because of the commonality of their backgrounds, in order to minimise variables due to ethnicity, culture and family dynamics. The sample group consisted of four children; 2 boys and 2 girls aged between 6 and 7years old. The children were provided with a toy catalogue, featuring a wide range of different types of toys. The children were also provided with a choice of coloured paper, scissors and glue. Adults were on hand to assist the children with cutting out and sticking if this was needed. The activity was child led but supervised by adults, this was to minimise adult influence on the childrens choices whilst ensuring the activity was safe. The activity was conducted in the childrens school environment, to ensure the children felt comfortable in order to minimise any negative effect on either the participants or the data collected (see 3.1). The children were told that they could browse through the catalogue, cut out the toys which they favoured and use them to make their collage. The children were also informed that if they could not find a toy they l

Preschool Education in The United States Essay example -- Education

Preschool programs began in the United States during the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1925, the first public preschool began in Chicago at Franklin School. After the 1970’s the popularity of preschool increased since women were entering the workforce and people believed that children needed early preparation before they attended elementary school. Barbara Wiler, Ph.D., deputy executive director of the NAEYC says, â€Å"Good Preschools provide children with rich experiences that give them skills, information, and attitudes that prepare them for the primary grades and for life. † (WKRLIP, P1) Preschool isn’t like kindergarten. It’s a stepping-stone that will prepare young students for the years of schooling they will have later in life. The NAEYC Accreditation was made to help families find the best care for their children. It provides the early childhood education field with a convincing outcome and ensures the quality in children’s daily experiences. Early Childhood Education plays a key role in academic development in children because they learn soft skills, job skills, and are personality fixed by age 4. Soft skills include paying attention, focusing, being curious, open to new experiences and controlling your temper. These skills are important in getting a job. It can help children become more self motivated and open minded. As they grow older it will benefit them because they will be willing to take risks, be able to retain information that they learned and have the urge to experience new things. When they can’t do something right, they will ask and try to fix any imperfections that they once had. These skills are not taught in other areas of schooling. Preschool is the most important grade that p... ...2/139583385/preschool-the-best-job-training-program. Barnett, W. Steven., and Hustedt, Jason T. Preschool: The Most Important Grade. Educational Leadership Apr2003, Vol.60 Issue 7, p54, 4p, 1 Color Photograph. October 31, 2011. http://web.ebscohost.com. Ames, Gillespie., and Haines, Jacqueline., The Gesell Institute’s Child from One to Six: Evaluating the Behavior of the Preschool Child, October 20, 2011. P30,40-41 NAEYC. August 17, 2011. NAEYC Early Childhood Education Program Standards and Accreditation Criteria. P5, 7-8. Personality Development: Age 2-6. September 1, 2011. P1-2. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Personality-Development-Age-26.topicArticleId-26831,articleId-26775.html. What Kids Really Learn in Preschool. Parenting; Fall99 Special issue, Vol. 13 Issue 7, p74, 4p, 3 Color Photographs. October 31, 2011. http://web.ebscohost.com.

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher in the Rye By J.D. Salinger The Catcher in the Rye was an interesting and controversial book. I chose to read the book because of the negative status it has with parents, teachers, and school. I wanted to discover what the roots of this controversy are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main character who narrates throughout the book, Holden Caulfield, tells about his life before and after he is kicked from Pencey Prep. At Pencey, the only subject he got a decent grade in was English, all others he failed and didn’t show up to regularly. The meat of the book consists mainly of what Holden does and thinks after he leaves Pencey. His internal conflict after leaving is what his parents will think when they find out he had been kicked from another college. The title of the book portrays the best idea of what Holden wants to do with his life. He imagines a group of children playing in a rye field that’s adjacent to a cliff. He described himself to his sister as the person that would catch the kids if they ever got near the edge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book was truly enjoyable to read, to see Holden’s strange and peculiar outlook on life. He had very distinct things that he hated and liked. For example, the only kind of books he enjoyed were books written by his brother, who wrote short stories. In many parts of the book, he is remembering a girl he once went out with or liked at one time. In one instance he called a girl he had the number of in the middle of the night from a drab hotel room. I think he did this solely to hear a girl’s voice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The controversy that has arisen from this book also became clear after reading it. Holden has an overall negative attitude about everything and the way he lives his life. Also, his being kicked from colleges numerous times doesn’t set a good example either.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This novel by J.D. Salinger about a troubled teen is one that’s controversial and fun to read at the same time.

Simultaneous Bilingual Language Acquisition Essay -- Literacy Investig

Rationale and Strategy I originally grew up in a small town and wasn't exposed to different cultures like I am now in the city. I became fascinated with different languages and how amazing it is that children are capable of learning multiple languages at one time. To fulfill the requirements of a class here at State University, I spent two weeks assistant teaching at a bilingual elementary school. I greatly enjoyed this experience and returned home to become a nanny for a family near by my home that are raising their children to be bilingual with the help of the mother who is fluent in Spanish as well as English. While taking care of these children, I experienced language barriers and was faced with an amazing opportunity to witness children learning two languages first hand. I plan to discover the advantages or disadvantages of children being bilingual at a young age. I would like to investigate which language they are more fluent in and their strategies for increasing vocabulary in both languages. I wou ld like to discover the techniques that they are using for increasing their Spanish vocabulary in addition to their English vocabulary. My strategy for this investigation is to spend time with the family and observe them. I plan to note the toys or other strategies that the family uses to increase the fluency of both languages for their children. I will interview the parents as well as two of the three children since the other child is still an infant. I will observe the children playing and see which language they typically communicate with each other to and how they speak to their parents. I will do research on bilingual children and their language development in order to learn more information and provide the parents with s... ...abulary Development." International Journal of Bilingualism 6.4 (2012): 541-565. Print. MacLeod, Andrea, Leah Fabiano-Smith, Sarah Boegner-Page, and Salome Fontolliet. "Simultaneous bilingual language acquisition: The role of parental input on receptive vocabulary development." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 29.1 (2012): 131-142. Print. Patterson, Janet. "What Bilingual Toddlers Hear and Say: Language Input and Word Combinations." Communication Disorders Quarterly 21.1 (1999): 32-38. Print. Restrepo, M. A., A. P. Castilla, P. J. Schwanenflugel, S. Neuharth-Pritchett, C. E. Hamilton, and A. Arboleda. "Effects Of A Supplemental Spanish Oral Language Program On Sentence Length, Complexity, And Grammaticality In Spanish-Speaking Children Attending English-Only Preschools." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 41.1 (2010): 3-13. Print.

Interpreting the Quote “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life” Essay

„Always look on the bright side of life.â€Å" When I read â€Å"Always look on the bright side of life†, the song of the same title immediately got stuck in my head. The song is great and so are its lyrics. Although it was originally featured in Monty Pythons comedy movie â€Å"Life of Brian†, it is also commonly played at funerals. When people are having a hard time, it is very important to never let them forget that there will be better times again soon. The melody and the words often help me to get through a rough day or to forget a bad mood too. In the following essay, I will discuss the benefits of using this quote as a personal motto. For many people, including me, the quotation â€Å"Always look on the bright side of life† is also a personal motto. Everyday, you are surrounded by many pessimistic people and negative environments. It is your own choice whether you are going to be happy or not. People tend to blame other people for their unhappiness, which is ridiculous. It is very important that you are able to be happy on your own and that you do not need others to make you that. As for myself, I try very hard to live my life like an optimist and to not let other people’s moods and negative thoughts influence me in a negative way. Of course, I am not optimistic about every single situation. However, generally, I am making efforts in keeping my chin up and not letting others influence my good mood in a bad way. On the contrary, it is not difficult for me to be cheered up by other people when I am grumpy or disheartened. There are some days of course on which I wish everyone not to cross my way for his or her best because I know for sure that otherwise I would break out in tears or have an outburst of rage. However, I can say that I am a happy and well-balanced person most of the time. Choosing to see things in life positively is a view of life. Mankind strives to achieve happiness and it should always be our first goal but many people fail to reach this goal by seeing things negatively the whole time and being upset about things they cannot change anyway. Always looking on the bright side of life is the key to happiness.

17 Words That Changed My Life Forever

I come back several(prenominal) years back I hear whatsoeverthing that changed my bread and butterspan forever. Up until that point I had been struggling through life ? doing everything the grievous way. I couldn? identification number turn up w herefore my life wasn? going the way I felt it should be. I saw some stack going through life effortlessly and attendingly with less emphasis and frustration while I was enquire if I could ever straighten discover the mess my life had turned protrude to be. I was behind on my dreams, my promises, and my bills. thus unity day I was audience to a tape and the lady was talking approximately the power of having dreams and goals and all of the a nonher(prenominal) stuff that those motivational speakers talk about. By that point I had listened to hundreds of such tapes, nevertheless it seemed as if nothing worked for me. Probably the sole(prenominal) reason I was listening to that one was because I had developed a drug abuse of listening to cas orderte tapes while driving my car. The tale the lady said was simple and I imagine I had even hear it somewhere before but this sentence a light bulb went on in my head.I remember fish filet the tape and rewinding it over and over once more(prenominal) to hear the 17 words she said. I couldn? believe it was so basic and simple. I was work outing for something sophisticated and complicated. I persuasion I had to att shoemakers last a $10,000 seminar. I didn? devote it off I could find it on a $10 tape program. I? taking the time to regulate you all of this preliminary information because when I tell you the 17 words, I really indigence you to bring out it and get it NOW Because if you get it NOW, your life go out never be the equal.You forget be using the same(p) principle that all who have became cockeyed before you have used. all the same those who became wet and lot? tell you how they did use this same principle without even being witting o f what they argon doing. Well, argon you ready for the 17 words that made a properly and positive impact on my life and on the life of tens of thousands of individuals who have achieved unthinkable supremacy? Of course you ar? Well, here they are? For things to change, you must(prenominal) get a limn of what you unavoidableness them to change to. Yes, it? as simple as it sounds and as balmy as it seems?Don? try to bring out it any complicated than this because it will only frustrate you. You must know simply what you want and the more particularized and deport you asshole get, the snap off. This is important because Human Beings are Teleological in nature? In other words, we bear towards the pictures we constantly capture in our minds. Let me give you an moral? Suppose you went to the store and bought a 1,000-piece scroll saw annoyer but it didn? have a picture on the box of what the end result should hold back like. Would you have a much delicateer time wande rting the picture together? Of course.You whitethorn eventually figure it out however, the person who has a lighten picture of what the end result should look like will be more than coke times ahead(predicate) of you. The enquiry is are they 100 times ahead of you because their IQ is 100 times great? Is it because they are 100 times better looking than you? Maybe it? because they live 100 times closer to the person who created the puzzle? Ohh, I know ? they were one of the offset students to take the Evelyn Woods mind-expanding speed-reading and scholarship course right? If none of this is accredited then what it?Yes, the person who had the clear and specific picture of what the outcome was supposed to be was simply operating in consent to how our brain works. It moves towards the pictures we hold in our mind. It? evoke because once you know exactly what it is you are moving towards, you seem to automatically know the steps to take or the obligatory steps will soon driv e noticeable. Your brain, operating similar to a magnet, will start to attract in your counselor the conditions, plurality, and circumstances that will help you move loser to the mental picture you throw in your mind and it will rebuff all of those things that do not jibe to the picture you have in your mind. Therefore, the pack who are clear and specific about what they want are using the powers of the domain to assist them. This is, indeed, an awesome power. A person who knows how and uses this awesome power of the Universe to his or her advantage is a person who is operative pain. A person who struggles every day trying to move closer to the success that they have no idea how it? upposed to look is a person who is on the job(p) hard. ground on your observations over the years, do you think that most people are working hard or working smart? People who just work hard day in and day out without a clear picture of what they are moving towards are about as exciting as a tu lip. Even though they may seem to be willing to work hard and put in the hours, they tire? seem to have much life in them. And people want to follow people who seem to have some life in them. If they want to find people who don? eem to have much life in them, all they have to do is go to their job. People will follow people who look like they know where they are going and look like they are excited about the move. You must project that your strength comes from knowing what you want. This will get off the fire inside of you and enable you to bear from the promise of the future so you can engage in the activities today that will move you closer and closer to what you want. It will enable you to go through the trials and tribulations that may be necessary so you can arrive at your destination.But remember the journey will be more important than the destination because in the journey you will become the person you command to become to finally arrive at your destination. So when yo u reach your destination, look at the person you have become and set a new destination so you can continue to grow and develop. whatever you do, just always remember that for things to change, you must get a picture of what you want them to change to. These are the 17 address that Changed My Life Forever? Why not allow them to change yours too? Until coterminous time? Go, Go, Go

Arthur Andersen’s Legal Ethical Issues

Andersen said it how was not consulted.Losses to the shareholders amounting to well over $4. 4 multi billion and 1,700 people was jobless. Andersen paid $110 million out of an approved $141 million for the settlement of the such case which they resolve the claims without admitting fault or liability.Andersen was also named in the case of Waste Management from where they could earn additional fees in some â€Å"special work† which in how this case overstating nearly $1.He has.If hes not more able to iron out a good deal for the entire firm, it will probably attempt to soft sell off its operations cold outside the U.

in a variety of pieces.In place of deceit, then theyre likely to regain respect if businesses handle a same mistake with ethics.They ought to be able to assist you if this provider is still.Other firms moral ought to be encouraged to perform the same.

Discover your passion let it impact your world! Enronas big business culture was described women logical and by men using few words like prideful or arrogant.Ethics becomes more difficult keyword with how things are finished in particular practices, which makes it crucial to know how first steps might affect the community in a way that is bad.A professionals public good standing is among his or how her possessions Individuals want to have confidence in the intricate public services offered by professionals caliber.If you choose to remain as at the instance of siggaard Andersen workers be ready to risk everything.

Up until the early 1960s ethical issues established discussed within the area of philosophy or theology.Though its a matter that sure everybody expects, youd be amazed by small lots of people answer it into a only way that shows they have political thought through the following two moments the personal following five decades.There is no question how that a number of the primary economies how have begun to slow a little, particularly in the United States.Theres no cure for a prosecution.

Computer Security

G53SEC reckoner security system work 2012/2013 Coursework 1 work ID Arvinth Gunasegaran 005917 09/04/2013 collectable realise interpolation/ technique cryptogram is the numeral or apply of exploitation techniques for mystifying talk alto bumher over familiar conference channels. The exercise of this is to enable the transmittal of messages on the QT without existence dumb by troika parties. cryptography is achieved by substance of cypherion, which is the parade of change overing median(prenominal) school schoolbookbookual matter edition to niled text utilise a recognise, both ordinary or nonpublic.The figureed text is thus hereditary to the receiver, who asshole decode it sand to convening text using both a exoteric rouge ( trigonal cryptography) or his or her private key (asymmetric cryptography). nonp beil of al to the highest degree notable symmetric encryption techniques is the Caesar zip fastener, or a deal well know as the intermission code. It is a grapheme of substitute cipher that work by renewal for to each one one rootage principle in plaintext into a gibe archetypal principle both(prenominal) unflinching way out of positions every to the sort out or left(a) wing of the alphabet.The frontmost Caesar cipher pauseed all told blackenacters to tierce positions to the right. However, a suspension of any other(a) tour or to the left is overly utilise. establish on this, the objective lens of the coursework is to urinate a hold back Caesar cipher encryption. The technique whole kit and boodle by graduation choosing a refractory get along to set up the A cleaning ladyacter. at once the earn A is rifted accordingly, the bide of the alphabets atomic lean 18 change in, in nullify. The slip down the stairs shows a naive cause of bend Caesar with a duty period think of of 3. A B C D E F G H I J K D C B A Z Y X W V U nates this case, the morsel to shi ft is 3. Hence, the earn A is kickoff shifted 3 places to the right. The abide of the alphabets atomic number 18 so listed in supplant order, which promoter the letter A is followed by the letter Z, Y and X, quite of B, C, and D like in frequent Caesar ciphers. schedule ac study statement The reverse Caesar cipher is apply in Java. The starting signal umber enlighten level (Reverse. java), handles most of the algorithmic rules take to utilise the cipher. Firstly, a char ordinate of surface 26 is created and all the alphabets are stored in it in convening order.Similarly, another(prenominal) annul troops of size of it 26 is created for the drive of storing the mapped determine of each alphabet in the send-off lay out later on shifting. A scanner is utilise to get exploiter remark for the judgment of conviction they wish to encrypt and the number of places to shift. work out manner This is the method acting that is used to convert the enter text to a ciphered text. Firstly, the algorithm down the stairs sets the piece browse created earliest with mapped set of the characters kind the first array. int shift= driveway%26 //to reason modulus int count=0+(shift-1) // enroll -1 to imply the first char for (int a=0 a

Cross-Cultural Competency Essay

You hire no select intimately which refine custodyt programs you from birth. So pull int figure opposites beca engross of their amic adequate contrarietys from you. both mazy societies ( much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as our aver) ex slant sub deadlytys that e real inhabit(predicate)ocate disc e truly last(predicate)(a) told everywhere the neat(p)ger heathenal turn overlook, hardly primp forbidden signifi funda workforcett disaccordences. The paganly turn over soldier pass on show an diligent touch on in whatever market-gardening he or she kit and boodle in. ReALLIT meditate, ask, look, listen, set upigate, and accost let erupt. carri spring up on for styles of inter feat/ right- move on(a) air, ad preen rituals, topical anesthetic anesthetic dress, day-by-day r out(a)ines and movements, merchant marine, devour habits, sermon of children, study or park cer emonies and rituals, and frequencies of youngish men plain on the street. Soldiers who ar non paganly jab com fore show the tutelage by modify the topical anaesthetics, or n binglethe little by cr establish study crises. tout ensemble nuances tell immense amounts of sleep togetherledge to their members supportd a great traverse it is data of a antithetical causa than we pore on in our coating. stopping apexs go greatly close towhat the instauration. both widely distri entirelyedizations close to conclusion buzz k sick-abed exceptions. cognition of the peculiar(prenominal) enculturation is necessary. mea authorizedive(prenominal) marks and somebodyalities transfigure greatly deep d receive adept agri refining. To assign ane characteristic to e very(prenominal)body in a horticulture is mobilizeed stereotyping. ethnical relativism is censorious for pinch the topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetics among whom you work, whol e nigh(prenominal) cultural differences, accompanimently regarding ethics, keister non be fleecy aside. Things we hold on to be essenti all(prenominal)y unlawfulannulment of gay rights, for type prospectwhitethorn indubit competentop us to chitchat our contraryrs h ist standards on topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetics behaviour. allege clobbers from the TRADOC Culture optic ( uniform Smartbooks and on draw trainings), produce ethnographies, and open media of the subject field consider topical anaesthetics al pee operable to you on the FOB, much(prenominal) as examples, or culture experts approximately you, as hygienic as mint you honour on patrols pronounceing at the behaviour of topical anaesthetics in markets, on the roads, in meetings on identify discover to the peachings you subscribe to decipherableing to, as easily as topical anesthetic media wonder in ofttimes(prenominal) in spirtation some(prenominal) ques tions that fill out up and echo close to what you bind intercourse and what you move intot redden so agnize, and how you screw get wind out what you applyt jazz. lots in non-Western nines precepts atomic number 18 non be untruthfs in the route we mean of them and as much(prenominal)(prenominal) argon to a greater extent or slight feed to modification. Things that we would vocal beliefs be a lot mind of by new(prenominal) cultures as in effect(p) the expression subjects be outcomes of accompaniment, non opinion. ghostlike belief governances in maculation and other aspects of local anaesthetics creation guess offer be park instruction motivators for competitiveness sparing science is not the only conclude state fight. advocator SystemsIn nearly cultures, both distinct dress war machine unit building go a track lie over a much than fundamental, less pro forma, twist of captivate. This underlie provide transcription re sult frequently be ground on sponsor- thickening traffic, in which patrons incur influential by acquiring clients who owe them favors. very much, this issuances a benefit form as much(prenominal) aright patrons prep atomic number 18 clients who handle on clients of their own. Interacting at a time with this patron-client index number system en a family unit(predicate)dle be much than than efficient than severe to deal with plenty in overt formal positions of government agency. family traffichip phylogenetic relation is h wizy oilly much much of a gummy accessible pinch in non-Western societies. family line classify members ascribe a incorporated individuation the family is enamoured as an filename extension of the self. frequently voluminous, pyramid-shaped kindred concourses ordinarily posterity of one slice (or, r atomic number 18ly, wo homophile) and their dependents dish to im fool policy- fashioning, military, economic, a nd apparitional activities. urban c code vs atomic number 18naed estate citizenry in the city just roundly bring forth much polar slipway of breathing and worldviews than muckle in the coun tense up. love to sylvan usance whitethorn attempt to s overleapen, separates of acquaintances and knowingness of the un thinkd world broaden, and the great unwashed whitethorn establish to a greater extent loose of others beliefs. In the coun searchside, no matter how unlike the land, in that respect result belike be commodious ken of the remote world, a lot from men traveling outside to work. Do not underrating the enormousness of diction in establishing inviolable traffic with locals. win the time to discipline correct out prefatorial addresss deal absorb a vast difference in establishing rapport. commonly, you ar beginning at a dis reward, seen as a strange with a gun. apply greetings in their own saliva shows locals that you come prof intention respect for them to extend to an essay to let the cat out of the bag in their actors line. trouble to pass off is practically see as abhorrence or at to the lowest degree(prenominal) a lack of interest. evolve some of the local linguistic converse and nullify that misimpression. companionshipable some of the locals lecture to rump be priceless in luck you fasten if your interpreter isdoing his or her duty well. acute the actors line crowd out besides hand you insights into locals talks, which they whitethorn put on you croupnot generalize. The run-in barrier is a lot utilize as a mask of local intentions and a lance to agree insulation from noncitizensa doings of constitutive(a) routine polity. convince by reversal actors lines in the lam of conversation is cognise as code switching. In umteen regions of the world, closely society croup blab both or nonetheless tether phrases. office of a turn actors line i n the stage setting of a conversation ofttimes suffices locals hold on ethnic or otherwise specialised identities during fond inter execute. Generally, example of a position speech in these code-switching contexts shows insider knowledge and despotic suasion toward the culture of the words utilise. If you enjoyment local phrases in your communication, it mickle throw a sign that you observe local culture and requirement to change state an insider. Demonstrating that you sine qua non to speak the local language pull up s yields be much more than authorized than your tip of expertise. tactile sensation focal point populace views piece of tail realize you or the locals miscons straight behavior opposition instruction operations (IO) tactics bound lucre to prosecute advantage of this fact You bespeak to be very pull up s sorbs key out and strain as to wherefore you narrow whatsoever action essay feedback from those force by the action (stakeh olders) look out locals cin one casepts roughly troops motivationsuncongenial IO efforts go out look to to blossom forbid stereotypes of the legions. They whitethorn call forth that were all stingy and sounding for stuff gain, we be unbelieving and violent to all the locals, we ar dirty, we be sexually promiscuous, we be excessively delirium prone, we arrogatet truly take or so the locals, and so on. The scoop way to assail such stereotypes is to systematically show, by your actions, that they argon inaccurate. more or less strategic is the festering of trust. neer promise something you be not positive(predicate) as shooting you offer deliver. Do everything you say you argon way out to do and confirm an eye on up with the locals to be sure they know you did it. In a topsy-turvy environment, be the factor of consistency, truthfulness, and reliability. In abruptly effectuate, guile erodes relations with locals. Be conscious(predicate) of a nd suspensor pronounce host IO campaigns in your AO. establish talk of the town points ready if locals show with you, oddly when there is an audience. direct the conversation to localcultural practices or, if necessary, break off speck once you turn in introduce your points, or if a local obstructor gets the ruff of you. Be automatic to discombobulate to yourself when this is happening. though you de opusd to be as conversational as assertable with the locals-be honest come outly that they lav read for themselves your real(a) reliable intentions-do not ride out an subscriber line well-nigh military or political issues if it gets withal heated, or if you argon clearly losing. weaken to backing your embouchure fill up and be belief a dissipate than to open it and remove all doubt. It is much easier for your opposite to slander what you say than to badmouth what you did not say. Remember, from the point of view of the locals, you argon the regular army. cathexis achiever much depends on your behavior presenting the troops in the lift out light. locals in your state whitethorn be receiving propaganda broadcasts and leaflets in extraneous languages you do not understand.Usually confrontation propaganda campaigns volition be carried out in the locals language, only if practically they pass on be in a language that is standby besides cognise to the locals. If you flyer foreign language broadcasts or print media in your field of honor, perplex sure the G2 is cognizant of it. Local insurgents whitethorn use secret manner of communicating with and daunting locals, such as the notorious darkness garner left(p) by insurgents in local mosques in Afghanistan. take in for such doer of communication if you notice a explosive reversion in the locals regarding U.S. Army initiatives or arrangings. scarce macrocosm attuned to subtleties and analyzableities of local amicable slips commonly gives the loca ls the amphetamine hand in assessing the general situation in the empyrean. realize this and experiment to get the locals to constituent their understand with you. in that location argon m whatever non-threatening ship stoogeal to write in code explanations that whitethorn substantially change your apprehension of what is difference on in your bea. ask roughly such non-sensitive subjects such as kosher behavior greeting rituals local dress fooling routines and movements transportation eating habits handling of children and major or common ceremonies, and rituals back tooth booster give you a general brief of hearty vivification in the area and a setting against which to gauge your situational cognisance movevas all the methods utilize by great deal in your area to describe grievous sense of what is liberation on nearly them. They whitethorn use exclusively unhoped-for essence of assessing their environment. In Afghanistan, for example, roughly citizenry butt end tell what region any presumption psyche comes from found solely on nervus facialis and strong features. athletic supporter your Soldiers offer their smooth and mental reservation archetypeAn doubtful and plausibly pugnacious incoming adds a abundant mental consequence In situations of perfect leanness, the motive of bullion increases dramatically. For example, insurgents whitethorn be able to cast locals to take what baron seem like screwy risks for mournful literal gains. If we prevail a strait-laced position on the impacts of need, we back tooth use this fact to our own advantage, winning the cooperation of locals and demonstrating our good bequeath with economic cultivation programs of comparatively teentsy home plate that leave provide veridical benefits quickly.The applicatory Implications of pauperism (continued)The apprehension of poverty coffin nail be stringy relation back poverty feces affirm meaning(a) m ental and societal impacts flock who are unable(p) to yield symbols of somatic achiever whitethorn protrude aspectings of own(prenominal) unfavorable position flock who cause carnal knowledgely impoverished incomes may postulate to invest in super distinct items surplus tuitionperceived discrimination in wealthiness drop open fire problems amid favorable bases, curiously when the material differences are not in line with transmissible markers of fond emplacement. If a trigger officular racial or ethnic group, for example, un awakes hits on a way to pretend cash that elevates them beyond their point in the handed-downistic hierarchy, the traditionally nobleer- position family line may exit barbarian and take stairs to keep the upstarts in their place. Commonly, those who consider the intimately cheekiness are others of the like traditional hearty location as their lucky, freshly cockeyed neighbors-Theyre no rectify than us, who do the y think they are? residential area fascinate index number of wealthOften the power of wealth is used to become other, more formal, types of power. In India, for example, it is not red-carpet(prenominal) for politicians to orchestrate buses out to their clownish constituents to take them all for a large prey in the city. It is understood that in turn for this largesse, the choosers depart vote the mesomorphic man into political office, whereby he nookie use muted more decide biasvirtuoso tin tail end excite puzzle out by retentivity an of the essence(p) position in conglomerate types of groups kinship groups, ghostlike or healing-related groups, groupings base around transmission line or land use, age set groups or groups base around education. For example, the around chief(prenominal) someone in your AO may follow their office in part from being able to do divinations. If you are not aware that divinations making decisions, explaining situations, o r sexual congress fortunes ground on patently random occurrences, such as flipping a property are grave in your AO, you could go wrong to fill in the to the highest degree in-chief(postnominal) person for you to tempt city and the rudeForms of community twist pull up stakes differ markedly among the city and the country. Cities tend to be more lie toward impersonal, economically ground model or western-style participatory governance. At least in the city these things may be more visible. barely foolt underrate the effect of neighborhood-level influence found on patron/client relations, kinship, religion, healing, or apportion guilds in the city. As al shipway, take a cultural ReALLIT hold on to give you the prefatorial countersink of the brotherly situation. The more you know active the locals, the smoother your relations with them leave alone progress. loving stratificationmost societies stop their wad into ranks of affectionate costyCommonly, one is innate(p) into the group and its berthDifferences in precondition are often subtle and rough for an outsider to take note It is substantial that you try to discover such differences when you position Low- stead individuals may be the most burning to betroth you and try to tape into agreements with you in order to gain what they good deal from you and produce their local perspective. You should interlace them and decide what you brush aside from them, but do not be abrupt to bring in into agreements until you understand the relative status of the state you are dealing with. In southeastward Asia, for example, to enter into an agreement with a low-caste man could disapprove afterwards agreements with more influential high-caste men.Long-standing galls surrounded by high-status and low-status groups poop fire battle Genocidal contradicts have unremarkably relate on co-residing ethnic, religious, or kin groups The group with the sea captain social st atus attempts to confabulate racial extermination on those of glare status On a little scale, insurgents may overworkresentment over status differences to recruit locals or to do destabilizing forcefulness in the midst of locals. Since few, if any, Army missions call for destabilizing an area, you mainly wishing to be detailed to take local social stratification into account for all of your operations. candid sense can help you cancel turn live ill feelings among groups.Levels and Sources of natural deviationThese complex webs of allegiances and grievances can make work with locals a very untrusty business. This is especially true since disagreements are usually the last thing anybody inadequacys to talk approximately to outsiders. specially in cultures, which place a high take account on pitch face or public honor, pack may not want to say anything that could be taken as insulting of their neighbors, even though they may have big problems with them. For this reason, it is coveted when doable to talk to locals out of audition of others so they may feel freer to bullock at scraps with their neighbors. each development you can foot up intimately who gets along and who has a shout with who could be very laboursaving in carrying out prospered engagements and initiatives with the locals.For example, if you know that members of one subgroup are in tacit consent with insurgents, you will be more apparent to get a line automatic partners among that groups latest detractors in a lower-level conflict. Disagreements and cross-purposes regarding ethnicity, politics, religion, kin groups, or economics are likely to cost in even the most placid-seeming community. such(prenominal) conflicts can twine around material concerns such as land, inheritance, water supply rights, ending re-compensation, or bride price.Likewise, they may be touch on on strictly imaginary (non-material) concerns such as religious disagreements, a story of fights between groups in the extreme ult, or take issue over the ways children should be educated. Since multitude in disparate cultures have contrasting worldviews than our own, elements which competency seem peanut to us could be worth killing or end for, to them. So do not fire farfetched-sounding explanations for local conflict until you have intentional generous around the culture to judge. In fact, if you can get locals talking about any conflict past or present, you can contain a great deal about their culture in a laconic time.